SPA 532 ....
Civilización Española
URL: http://www.uncg.edu/rom/courses/klrauch/532/syllabus.htm
Artistas Españoles - Note: Graphic intensive
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s AWARDS
ReadEarly Gothic Period/ Romanesque
Middle AgesThe early Gothic period was characterized by painting on wood panels, perhaps because of  the poverty of the Spanish provinces during this period. "...Although we have a few altars made of metal and enamel, like that of San Miguel in Excelsis, or in marble, like that of Tarragona cathedral, such sumptuous pieces are rare. In general, the churches had to be satisfied with liturgical furniture of painted wood."
Coronation of Mary from Llusá
Image: Coronation of Mary (1200-20) 
This is one of two the side panels of the altarpiece at Llusá, the other representing St John the Evangelist with Mary. 
 Painters  Sculptors
ReadGothic Painting

Middle AgesThe Gothic period coincides roughly with the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. This span of two hundred years can be divided into periods which correspond to four distinct styles, linear, Italian Gothic, International Gothic, and Hispano-Flemish. 

Particularly important during this time is the Catalan school of painting. "Throughout the fourteenth century and the first half of the fifteenth, the Catalan painters preserved an impressive 
unity of style, one master succeeding the other without interruption. We know the names of many of the artists and a good deal about their work... 

The Gothic era produced many triptychs (small paintings on wood and canvas) and articles of furniture with paintings on the inside. Miniaturists were active, particularly during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. In the fifteenth century, however, the discovery, first of the woodcut and then of printing, led to a gradual decline in the production of illuminated manuscripts. " 

Websites of interestAlso:

Altarpiece dedicated to St Dominic
Image: St Dominic Altarpiece
(14th C.) 

Tomb of St. Peter Martyr by Berruguette
Image: Tomb of Saint Peter Martyr by Pedro Berruguete
 St Peter Martyr was a Dominican monk and inquisitor in 13th century Verona. This painting belongs to a series of nine panels commissioned by High Inquisitor Torquemada for the St Thomas Church in Avila. 

Pedro Berruguete
BERRUGUETE, Pedro
(b. 1450, Paredes de Nava, 
d. 1504, Avila) Transitional artist from Baroque to Renaissance.

 Painters Sculptors
ReadRenaissance

El Siglo de OroThe Renaissance, spread from about 1472-1481 onwards by the Italians, took hold in Spain during the 16th century. Many Spanish artists visited Italy, attracted by the fame of the Italian schools, and returned to spread their version of the lessons learned from the art of Leonardo, Raphael, and Michelangelo. 

The most important characteristic distinguishing the Renaissance painting of Spain from that of Italy, France, and Germany relates more to subject matter than to style. Spanish painters rejected 
mythological themes and the portraits of nude in favor of religious themes and portraits. In general, they worked for the churches and monasteries or for nobles. 

Websites of interestAlso:

Portrait of Phillip II by Alonso Sanchez Coello
Image: Portrait of Philip II (c. 1580) by Alonso Sanchez Coello
Sanchez Coello studied in Flanders. From 1555 he was the court painter of Philip II.

Burial of Count Orgaz by El Greco
Image: Burial of Count Orgaz (1586) by El Greco 
Bust of an Apostle by El Greco
Image: Sculpture - Bust of an Apostle (1612-1614) by El Greco

El Greco
GRECO, El 
(b. 1541, Candia, 
d. 1614, Toledo)

 Painters Sculptors
ReadBaroque

El Siglo de OroThe seventeenth century is in all respects the golden age of Spanish painting - El Siglo de Oro. During this "golden age," Seville and Madrid were particularly active centers. 

The new art - expressing a naturalistic realism -  remained faithful to the themes of the preceding century: pictures of religious subjects predominate, but the patronage extended by the Hapsburgs resulted in numerous royal portraits and paintings of historical events. 

School of Seville
Major artists: 

School of Madrid
Major artists:  Websites of interestAlso:
Christ at Emmaus by Velazquez
Image: Christ at Emmaus (c. 1620) by Velázquez
This painting is from the early Caravaggesque period of Velázquez. 

Velazquez
VELAZQUEZ, Diego Rodriguez de Silva y (b. 1599, Sevilla, d. 1660, Madrid) 

The Young Beggar by Murillo
Image:  The Young Beggar by Murillo (c. 1645)

Bartolomé Esteban Murillo
MURILLO, Bartolomé Esteban
(b. 1617, Sevilla, d. 1682, Sevilla) 



Noli me Tangere by Alonso Cano
Image: Noli me Tangere by Alonso Cano (c. 1640) 

Resurrected Christ by Jeronimo Hernandez
Image: Sculpture - The Resurrected Christ (1570s) by Jeronimo Hernandez
 Painters Sculptors
Read18th Century

La Ilustración - Age of EnlightenmentThe decadent Baroque (rococo) gives way to an increasingly neoclassical style (beginning with the reign of Carlos III), which is balanced, serene. Foreign artists brought to Spain by Carlos III dominate painting. Anton Raphael Menges (1728-1779) work for the Real Fàbrica de Tapices introduces the spontaneous popular scene, thus beginning a tension between foreign influences and a rapid regionalism which will characterize Spanish art for three centuries. 

Websites of interestAlso:

The Shootings of May 3, 1808 - Goya
Image: The Shootings of May Third 1808 (1814) by Goya 
One of Goya's two masterpieces in his  "The Disasters of War" series, the second being Dos de Mayo de 1808.

Padre Jesús Nazareno (1745) - Francisco Salzillo
Padre Jesús Nazareno (1745) - Francisco Salzillo 

Spain and the Four Parts of the World
Image: Spain and the Four Parts
of the World (1792) by Mariano Maella
 Painters Sculptors
  • Franciso Salzillo
Read19th Century 
La Belle époque (1885-1914)

19th CenturyThe inimitable work of the artistic genius Goya bridges this and the previous century. A very eclectic period, the nineteenth century witnesses the rise of nationalism, and thus of Spanish themes in painting and sculpture. The early part of the century is dominated by a late neoclassism, before the flowering of Romanticism, with its emphasis on the sentimental and the exotic. Historical painters, landscape artists and realists are important in the last half of the century. During the period called La Belle Epoque, impressionism arrives in Spain. 

Websites of interestAlso:

Lady Amalia of Llano
Image: Lady Amalia of Llano and Dotres, the Countess of Vilches by Federico de Madrazo
Tejiendo las redes
Image: Tejiendo las redes by 
Joaquín Sorolla 

S.T. by Joaquim Mir
Image: S.T. by Joaquim Mir
 Painters Sculptors
  • Blay, Miguel  
  • Cubero, José Alvarez  
  • Ginés, José 
  • Llimona, José 
  • Querol y Subirats, Agustín
Read20th Century

20th CenturyContemporary art is still characterized by the tension between tradition (regionalism, costumbrismo) and innovation (cosmopolitanism and the vanguard).: cubism, surrealism, etc. Since the death of Franco in 1975, the arts have received great impetus, and sculpture in particular has transformed the Spanish art world, by transcending the burden of Spanish tradition. 

Cubism, a highly influential visual arts style of the 20th century, was created principally by the Spanish painters Pablo Picasso and Juan Gris, and Georges Braque in Paris.  The Cubist style rejected the traditional techniques of perspective, foreshortening, modeling, and chiaroscuro as well as the notion of art as an "imitation of nature."  Instead, Cubists portrayed subject matter using geometric forms, cubes and cones -- radically fragmented objects, whose several sides were seen simultaneously. 

Surrealism, growing principally out of the earlier Dada movement, flourished in Europe between World Wars I and II. With its emphasis on content, free form fantasy, Surrealism provided a major alternative to the contemporary, highly formalistic Cubist movement. The major Spanish Surrealist painters were  Salvador Dalí and Joán Miró. 

Websites of interestAlso:

Uranus by Pablo Gargallo
Image: Uranus
by Pablo Gargallo

Blue Boy by Picasso
Image: Blue Boy (1905) 
by Pablo Picasso

Pablo Picasso (self portrait)
Pablo Picasso self-portrait (1881-1973)



Carmen Laffon
Image: Sanlúcar de Barrameda (1975-77) by Carmen Laffón

The Persistence of Memory (1931) - Salvador Dalí
Image: The Persistence of Memory (1931) - Salvador Dalí
 Painters Sculptors 
Sources:  © UNCG, Last update: September, 1999, Division of Continual Learning - Distance Learning and Professional Development
Instructor: Karen Rauch, UNCG Department of Romance Languages
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